Health sources

GLP-1 medicines

• Liraglutide prescribing information
  US Food and Drug Administration (2026)
  Missed-dose instruction.

• Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity in Adults: Standards of Care in Overweight and Obesity
  Obesity Association, a subdivision of the American Diabetes Association (2026)
  Pregnancy, lactation and conception; contraception counseling.

• Semaglutide prescribing information (OZEMPIC, RYBELSUS)
  US Food and Drug Administration (2026)
  Missed-dose instruction, by route.

• Tirzepatide prescribing information (MOUNJARO, ZEPBOUND)
  US Food and Drug Administration (2026)
  Missed-dose instruction.

• 2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: An ACC Expert Consensus Statement on Medical Weight Management for Optimization of Cardiovascular Health
  American College of Cardiology (Gilbert et al., JACC Vol 86 No 7:536-555) (2025)
  Contraindications and cautions, stepwise structure and step-back on intolerance, common side effects, what follows stopping.

• AACE Consensus Statement: Algorithm for the Evaluation and Treatment of Adults with Obesity/Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease - 2025 Update
  American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (Nadolsky et al., Endocrine Practice) (2025)
  Eating strategies for gastrointestinal side effects, diet quality, restart after a pause, dehydration monitoring, compounded-product caution.

• Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study
  Look M et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (2025)

• Effects of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide on Recurrent Weight Gain After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
  Osorio Manyari AA, Armas Alvarez AL, Osorio Manyari JD, Onieva Gonzalez F, Pouwels S, Obesity Surgery (2025)
  How common weight recurrence after these procedures is, and what has been observed when medication is used for it.

• Expert-based physical activity guidelines for metabolic and bariatric surgery patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
  Fernandez-Alonso M, Bejarano G, Creel DB, Kohl HW, Messiah SE, Altieri MS, Papasavas P, Horn C, Marroquin E, Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (2025)
  The whole activity progression: walking from day one, the resistance-training window and its shape, the delay on high-intensity and abdominal work, water exercise, and the weekly cardiovascular target.

• Guideline on the use of GLP-1 therapies for the treatment of obesity in adults
  World Health Organization (2025)
  Chronic-care framing and the place of behavioral and lifestyle support alongside medicine.

• WEGOVY (semaglutide) prescribing information, section 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
  Novo Nordisk, via DailyMed (2025)

• ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) Instructions for Use
  Eli Lilly, via DailyMed (2025)

• Multisociety clinical practice guidance for the safe use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the perioperative period
  Kindel TL, Wang AY, Wadhwa A, Schulman AR, Sharaiha RZ, Kroh M, Ghanem OM, Levy S, Joshi GP, LaMasters T, Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (AGA, ASMBS, ISPCOP, SAGES; ASA affirmed) (2024)
  Shared decision-making on GLP-1 receptor agonists before a procedure, the factors that raise risk, and the mitigations the guidance names.

• Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for the Management of Weight Recurrence After Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
  Jamal M, Jamal M, Alhashemi M, Dsouza C, Al-Hassani S, Qasem W, Almazeedi S, Al-Sabah S, Obesity Surgery (2024)
  What has been observed when weight-management medication is used for weight returning after a sleeve.

• 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery
  Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, Aminian A, Angrisani L, Cohen RV, et al., Obesity Surgery (2023)
  What the published indications say about BMI thresholds, age and long-term management. Educational content only; nothing in Loopa decides who is a candidate.

• Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension
  Wilding JPH et al., Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (2022)

• Effect of exercise training before and after bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, Busetto L, et al., Obesity Reviews (2021)
  What exercise training after surgery has been shown to do for fitness, fat loss, bone and weight maintenance.

• Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Perioperative Nutrition, Metabolic, and Nonsurgical Support of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Procedures - 2019 Update
  Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer S, Garvey WT, Joffe AM, Kim J, et al., Obesity (Silver Spring), cosponsored by AACE/ACE, TOS, ASMBS, OMA and ASA (2020)
  The team-based framing its abstract states. The 85 numbered recommendations are behind a member wall and were not read, so this backs no dose, no lab panel and no diet stage.

• Resistance Training in Post-Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Patients: a Systematic Review
  Morales-Marroquin E, Kohl HW, Knell G, de la Cruz-Munoz N, Messiah SE, Obesity Surgery (2020)
  Resistance training and the preservation of strength and lean mass after these procedures.

• Alcohol and other substance use after bariatric surgery: prospective evidence from a U.S. multicenter cohort study
  King WC, Chen JY, Courcoulas AP, Dakin GF, Engel SG, Flum DR, et al., Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (2017)
  Five-year cumulative incidence of alcohol use disorder symptoms after gastric bypass compared with banding.

• American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Integrated Health Nutritional Guidelines for the Surgical Weight Loss Patient 2016 Update: Micronutrients
  Parrott J, Frank L, Rabena R, Craggs-Dino L, Isom KA, Greiman L, Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (2017)
  Every supplement default, by nutrient and by procedure, and the post-operative nutrient assessment cadence.

• AACE and ACE Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity
  Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, Nadolsky K, Pessah-Pollack R, Plodkowski R, Endocrine Practice (2016)
  The framing of obesity as a chronic disease whose management targets complications as well as weight. Not open access; the 123 recommendations were not read and this backs no number.

• Pharmacological Management of Obesity: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
  Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, McDonnell ME, Murad MH, Pagotto U, Ryan DH, Still CD, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2015)
  Diet, activity and behaviour as the basis of every obesity management approach, and the point at which medication is considered or reconsidered.

• 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults
  Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al., Circulation (2014)
  The calorie targets and energy deficit prescribed for weight loss, and the length and intensity of a behavioural programme.

• Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Perioperative Nutritional, Metabolic, and Nonsurgical Support of the Bariatric Surgery Patient - 2013 Update
  Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, et al., Obesity (Silver Spring), cosponsored by AACE, TOS and ASMBS (2013)
  Protein minimum (R31), fluid minimum (R33), staged meal progression (R31), avoidance of NSAIDs after surgery (R64) and the 12-18 month pregnancy interval (R14). This is the 2013 edition; a 2019 update exists and supersedes it.

Testosterone therapy

• Statement on Testosterone Replacement Therapy
  Endocrine Society (2026)
  Reinforces the diagnostic standard, the position against population screening, assay variability, and the terminology caution.

• Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
  Endocrine Society (Bhasin et al., JCEM 103(5):1715-1744), co-sponsored by the European Society of Endocrinology (2018)
  Diagnostic criteria, conditions in which therapy is not suggested, and first-year monitoring. Confirmed by the Society's own guideline page on 2026-09-02 to be the CURRENT edition.

• Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
  Bhasin S et al., Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2018)

Menopause and hormone therapy

• HHS Advances Women's Health, Removes Misleading FDA Warnings on Hormone Replacement Therapy
  US Food and Drug Administration (2025)
  Which boxed warnings are being removed and which is retained.

• What Is Menopause?
  National Institute on Aging (NIA), NIH (2024)

• The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society
  The Menopause Society (formerly NAMS) (2022)
  Contraindications, the timing window, common adverse effects, compounded preparations, periodic reevaluation, premature menopause and genitourinary symptoms.

• Changes in body composition and weight during the menopause transition
  Greendale GA et al., JCI Insight (2019)

• High-Intensity Resistance and Impact Training Improves Bone Mineral Density and Physical Function in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: The LIFTMOR Randomized Controlled Trial
  Watson SL et al., Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (2018)

Peptides and compounding

• Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee, July 23-24 2026
  US Food and Drug Administration (2026)
  Which bulk substances the committee considered for the section 503A list and how it voted on each.

• Tesamorelin prescribing information (EGRIFTA SV)
  US Food and Drug Administration (2026)
  Confirms an approved US product exists for this compound.

Bariatric surgery and aftercare

• Alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related mortality after metabolic bariatric surgery: prospective controlled cohort study
  Sjoholm K, et al. (Swedish Obese Subjects study), British Journal of Surgery (2025)
  Long-term alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related mortality risk by procedure, over a median 25 years of follow-up.

• Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Constipation
  National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (2024)
  Fiber and fluid for constipation. Already cited by the Medication Support Engine's own source list; carried here so the bariatric constipation card resolves against the same register as everything else.

• Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Bariatric Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations: A 2021 Update
  Stenberg E, dos Reis Falcao LF, O'Kane M, Liem R, Pournaras DJ, Salminen P, et al., World Journal of Surgery (2022)
  Smoking cessation at least 4 weeks before surgery, alcohol abstinence, pre-operative fasting windows and multimodal PONV prophylaxis. It does NOT recommend prehabilitation and is not cited for it.

• Prevalence of alcohol use disorders before and after bariatric surgery
  King WC, Chen JY, Mitchell JE, Kalarchian MA, Steffen KJ, Engel SG, Courcoulas AP, Pories WJ, Yanovski SZ, JAMA (2012)
  Alcohol use disorder symptoms before surgery and in the first and second post-operative years.

Calories and daily burn

• Human Energy Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation
  Food and Agriculture Organization, World Health Organization, United Nations University, FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1 (2001)
  The physical activity level (PAL) multipliers that turn a resting estimate into a daily burn.

• A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals
  Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1990)
  The resting energy estimate behind every calorie target Loopa shows.

Protein, fiber and eating

• Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
  NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (2026)
  Supplement products, their Supplement Facts panels and the label precautions, shown as printed on the label. Public domain (CC0 1.0).

• Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Constipation
  National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH (2024)

• The effect of acute sleep deprivation on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the hormonal environment
  Lamon S et al., Physiological Reports (2021)

• Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025, 9th edition
  U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, dietaryguidelines.gov (2020)
  Carbohydrate and fat distribution, and the overall dietary pattern Loopa defaults to.

• International consensus on the diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome
  Scarpellini E, Arts J, Karamanolis G, Laurenius A, Siquini W, Suzuki H, et al., Nature Reviews Endocrinology (2020)
  Early and late dumping timing and symptoms, and the dietary measures the consensus puts first.

• A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength
  Morton RW et al., British Journal of Sports Medicine (2018)

• Protein Recommendations for Weight Loss in Elite Athletes
  Hector AJ, Phillips SM, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (2018)

• International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise
  Jager R, Kerksick CM, Campbell BI, Cribb PJ, Wells SD, Skwiat TM, et al., Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2017)
  Higher protein targets for fat loss and for training.

• A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of eating rate on energy intake and hunger
  Robinson E et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014)

• Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: the PROT-AGE Study Group
  Bauer J et al., Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (2013)

• Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements
  Institute of Medicine (National Academies), National Academies Press (2006)
  The protein RDA of 0.8 g per kg of body weight, which is the floor Loopa never sets a target below.

Training, bone and recovery

• Exercise for Your Bone Health
  National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH (2023)

• Bone mineral density loss in relation to the final menstrual period in a multiethnic cohort: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)
  Greendale GA et al., Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (2012)

• How are habits formed: Modeling habit formation in the real world
  Lally P et al., European Journal of Social Psychology (2010)

• Appropriate Physical Activity Intervention Strategies for Weight Loss and Prevention of Weight Regain for Adults (ACSM Position Stand)
  Donnelly JE et al., Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (2009)

• Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults (ACSM Position Stand)
  American College of Sports Medicine, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (2009)

Food and supplement databases

• FoodData Central
  U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, fdc.nal.usda.gov (2026)
  Foundation, SR Legacy, Branded and FNDDS food records, including restaurant and fast-food items. Public domain (CC0 1.0).

• Open Food Facts
  Open Food Facts contributors, world.openfoodfacts.org (2026)
  Food and barcode records, used under the Open Database License (ODbL).

• Powered by fatsecret Platform API
  FatSecret, fatsecret Platform API (2026)
  Branded, restaurant and menu items, which is where most chain-restaurant and supermarket products in Loopa originate. Used under licence.

Vitals and lab ranges

• Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR)
  MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (2024)
  Background on INR only. Loopa records the range your prescribing clinician set and never chooses one.

Medicines and interactions

• openFDA Drug Product Labeling API
  U.S. Food and Drug Administration, openFDA (2026)
  Every drug-drug, drug-food, drug-alcohol, drug-caffeine and drug-supplement interaction Loopa reports, and the label sentence quoted with each one. Supplement-to-supplement pairs are not covered by this source and Loopa says so wherever it reports an interaction.

Common questions